Epact Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe


	German

German used as an adjective is taken to refer to the German-speaking lands in a general sense and so, for example, would include Austria. Further, in the medieval and renaissance period, the region that would later be called Germany was not a country, but a number of separate states, linked in changing configurations by a variety of alliances and conquests. Instrument making in Germany was particularly associated with the great trading and manufacturing centres in the south, such as Augsburg and particularly Nuremberg.

For German instruments, see:

Astrolabe, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, circa 1585 (Oxford, MHS)

Astrolabe, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Astrolabe, Attributed to Hans Dorn, German, Dated 1483 (Firenze, IMSS)

Astrolabe, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Astrolabe, Unsigned, German, Dated 1521 ? (Oxford, MHS)

Astrolabe, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, circa 1590 (Oxford, MHS)

Astrolabe, Signed Hanns Herghamer, German, Dated 1492 (Oxford, MHS)

Astrolabe, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Astrolabe, Signed by Hans Bamman, German, Dated 1490 (Oxford, MHS)

Astrological Instrument, Signed by Roger Brechte, German, Dated 1527 (Oxford, MHS)

Astronomical Clock, Unsigned, German, circa 1575 (Firenze, IMSS)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (London, BM)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Astronomical Compendium, Signed by Josua Habermel, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century ? (London, BM)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Later 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (London, BM)

Astronomical Compendium, Unsigned, German, Later 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Astronomical Compendium, Signed by Melchior Reichle, German, Dated 1568 (London, BM)

Astronomical Ring Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Astronomical Ring Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Azimuth Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Celestial Globe, Signed 'HRD', German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Compass, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Compass, Signed by Christoph Trechsler, German, Dated 1584 (Oxford, MHS)

Compass, Attributed to Christoph Schissler, German, Later 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Cross-staff, Attributed to Christoph Schissler, German, Later 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Crucifix Dial, Signed by Markus Purmann, German, Dated 1596 (Oxford, MHS)

Crucifix Dial, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century ? (London, BM)

Crucifix Dial, Signed by Melchior Reichle, German, Dated 1569 (London, BM)

Diptych Dial, Signed by Hans Tucher, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Diptych Dial, Signed by Georg Karl, German, Dated 1598 (Oxford, MHS)

Diptych Dial, Attributed to Johann Eicktet, German, Dated 1584 (Oxford, MHS)

Equinoctial Dial, Unsigned, German, Dated 1584 (Oxford, MHS)

Folding Rule And Level, Attributed to Christoph Schissler, German, Later 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Globe Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Gunner's Compendium, Unsigned, German, Dated 1595 (Oxford, MHS)

Gunner's Compendium, Unsigned, German, Later 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Gunner's Level, Unsigned, German, Dated 1573 (London, BM)

Gunner's Sight And Level, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Gunnery Instrument, Attributed to Jost Bürgi, German, Late 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Gunnery Instrument, Unsigned, German, circa 1600 (Oxford, MHS)

Hodometer, Attributed to Christoph Schissler, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Horizontal Dial, Signed by Andreas Mar, German, Dated 1589 (Oxford, MHS)

Horizontal Dial, Unsigned, German, Later 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Horizontal Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Horizontal Dial, Unsigned, German, circa 1600 (Oxford, MHS)

Horizontal Dial, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century ? (London, BM)

Horizontal Dial, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Horizontal Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Horizontal Dial, Signed by Markus Purmann, German, Dated 1597 (Oxford, MHS)

Inclining Dial, Signed by Markus Purmann, German, Dated 1597 (Oxford, MHS)

Level, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Mathematical Compendium, Signed by Hans Christoph Schissler jr, German, Late 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Mathematical Instruments, Signed by Christoph Schissler, German, Later 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Measuring Rod, Unsigned, German, circa 1600 (London, BM)

Measuring Rod, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century ? (London, BM)

Mining Instruments, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Mining Instruments, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Mining Instruments, Unsigned, German, Later 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Mining Instruments, Signed 'G G', German, circa 1600 (Oxford, MHS)

Mining Instruments, Signed 'V A', German, Dated 1593 (Oxford, MHS)

Mining Instruments, Unsigned, German, Later 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Nocturnal, Unsigned, German, 16th century ? (Oxford, MHS)

Nocturnal And Sundial, Signed 'G K?B', German, Dated 1587 (Oxford, MHS)

Polyhedral Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Polyhedral Dial, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Polyhedral Dial, Unsigned, German, Late 16th century (London, BM)

Polyhedral Dial, Signed 'WS', German, Dated 1553 (London, BM)

Protractor, Signed by David Usslaub, German, Dated 1599 (Firenze, IMSS)

Protractor, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, circa 1580 (Oxford, MHS)

Quadrant, Unsigned, German, Mid 16th century ? (London, BM)

Quadrant, Signed by Christian Heiden, German, Dated 1553 (Oxford, MHS)

Quadrant, Unsigned, German, 14th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Quadrant, Attributed to Christoph Schissler, German, Later 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Quadrant, Attributed to Josua Habermel, German, After 1582 (Firenze, IMSS)

Ring Dial, Unsigned, German, circa 1480 ? (Oxford, MHS)

Ring Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (London, BM)

Sun And Moon Dial, Unsigned, German, circa 1580 (London, BM)

Sundial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Surveying Instrument, Signed by Christoph Trechsler, German, Dated 1572 (Firenze, IMSS)

Surveying Instrument, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Surveying Instrument, Signed 'D O', German, circa 1600 (Oxford, MHS)

Surveying Staff, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Surveying Staff, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Surveyor's Line, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Theodolite, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, circa 1600 (Oxford, MHS)

Triangulation Instrument, Signed by Jost Bürgi, German, circa 1600 (Oxford, MHS)

Triangulation Instrument, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, Late 16th century (Oxford, MHS)

Tripod Base, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Tripod Legs, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Tripod Legs, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Vertical Dial, Unsigned, German, 16th century (Firenze, IMSS)

Vertical Dial, Unsigned, German, Dated 1593 (London, BM)

Vertical Disc Dial, Unsigned, German, circa 1570 (Oxford, MHS)

Vertical Disc Dial, Signed by Erasmus Habermel, German, Dated 1586 (Oxford, MHS)

Vertical Disc Dial, Unsigned, German, Date; place Undated (Oxford, MHS)

Vertical Disc Dial, Unsigned, German, 1550 or 1574 (Oxford, MHS)

Vertical Disc Dial, Unsigned, German, Dated 1564 (Oxford, MHS)

Wind Vane, Unsigned, German, circa 1590 (London, BM)